Question 1

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by vigorous cell growth and metabolism, and what happens if a cell does not pass the G1 checkpoint?

Accepted Answer

G1 phase; the cell enters the G0 phase and ceases division

Question 2

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for joining together the short segments of the lagging strand?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 3

What is the significance of semiconservative replication in DNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one old and one new strand

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of cyclins and Cdks in cell division?

Accepted Answer

Cyclins bind to Cdks to activate enzyme cascades that prepare the cell for division

Question 5

A mutation in the P53 gene would most likely result in which of the following cellular outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division due to loss of cell cycle inhibition

Question 6

Which event marks the beginning of anaphase during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously

Question 7

What is the function of the signal-recognition particle (SRP) during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It directs the mRNA-ribosome complex to the rough ER for protein processing

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

Question 9

During translation, what is the role of the tRNA anticodon?

Accepted Answer

It binds to the complementary mRNA codon to ensure correct amino acid placement

Question 10

Which process is responsible for the removal of noncoding sequences from pre-mRNA before translation?

Accepted Answer

Splicing by spliceosomes

Question 11

A cell is observed to have a cleavage furrow forming. Which process is occurring?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why mature neurons and cardiac muscle cells do not undergo mitosis?

Accepted Answer

They remain in the G0 phase and do not re-enter the cell cycle

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct result of the action of release factors during translation?

Accepted Answer

Release of the newly made polypeptide and dissociation of ribosomal subunits

Question 14

Which theory of cell aging suggests that the number of times a cell can divide is determined by the length of telomeres?

Accepted Answer

Genetic theory

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death involving caspase activation and DNA degradation

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of the extracellular matrix?

Accepted Answer

Directly synthesizes proteins for the cell

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the elongation phase of translation?

Accepted Answer

Codon recognition → Peptide bond formation → Translocation

Question 18

Which of the following statements about protein synthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Transcription produces mRNA from a DNA template

Question 19

A scientist observes a cell with chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate. Which phase is this cell in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of microRNAs in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They silence mRNAs made by certain exons, regulating gene expression

Cell Cycle, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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