Q: Which of the following is a correct representation of the primary structure of a protein?

A sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds: $$\text{Amino acid}_1 - \text{Amino acid}_2 - \text{Amino acid}_3 - \ldots$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of phospholipids in the plasma membrane of a cell?

Accepted Answer

They form a bilayer that creates a selectively permeable barrier between the cell and its environment.

Question 2

A patient with Tay-Sachs disease is unable to break down glycolipids in the brain due to a deficiency in which organelle's function?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct representation of the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

A sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds: $$	ext{Amino acid}_1 - 	ext{Amino acid}_2 - 	ext{Amino acid}_3 - \ldots$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for ionic compounds such as NaCl?

Accepted Answer

The partial positive charge on hydrogen and partial negative charge on oxygen allow water to surround and dissociate ions.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis for export

Question 6

A cell that is specialized for absorption in the small intestine is likely to have which of the following adaptations?

Accepted Answer

Numerous microvilli to increase surface area

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.

Question 8

Which of the following is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in humans?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 10

Which of the following statements about DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose, and uses thymine as a base.

Question 11

A mutation in the gene coding for a histone protein would most directly affect which nuclear structure?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of peroxisomes?

Accepted Answer

Neutralization of free radicals and breakdown of fatty acids

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the synthesis and export of a secreted protein?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome → Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Secretory vesicle → Exocytosis

Question 14

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells lack a nucleus?

Accepted Answer

To maximize space for hemoglobin and increase oxygen-carrying capacity

Question 16

A scientist isolates a molecule with the following structure: a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. This molecule is most likely a:

Accepted Answer

Nucleotide

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of a defect in the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of undigested glycolipids in neurons, leading to neurodegenerative disease

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the structure of a protein determines its function?

Accepted Answer

The sequence and folding of amino acids create specific shapes that interact with other molecules.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct formula for the hydrolysis of a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_{12}	ext{H}_{22}	ext{O}_{11} + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow 2\ 	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6$$

Cell Structure, Chemistry, and Organelles: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

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