Question 1

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in the cell, and what is the main process it uses to generate ATP?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; cellular respiration

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the structure of cadherin proteins. Which type of cell junction is most likely to be dysfunctional?

Accepted Answer

Desmosomes

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the Fluid Mosaic Model of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A flexible bilayer with proteins and carbohydrates embedded throughout

Question 4

Which process requires ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 5

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. What type of solution is the cell in, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic; osmosis

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis for export

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of water in the body according to biochemistry?

Accepted Answer

Is the most abundant inorganic compound and an excellent solvent

Question 8

Which of the following statements about acids and bases is correct?

Accepted Answer

Acids have a pH below 7 and release H$$^+$$

Question 9

Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for most cells?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

Question 10

A molecule of NaCl dissolves in water and dissociates into ions. What type of compound is NaCl, and what is the significance of this process in the body?

Accepted Answer

Inorganic salt; forms electrolytes for nerve and muscle function

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophobic tails avoid water while hydrophilic heads interact with water

Question 12

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bond

Question 13

A patient is unable to digest lactose due to a deficiency in a specific enzyme. Which class of biomolecule is directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of proteins in the body?

Accepted Answer

Catalyze chemical reactions

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the relationship between atoms, elements, and molecules?

Accepted Answer

Elements are made of atoms, which bond to form molecules

Question 16

Which of the following is true about gap junctions?

Accepted Answer

They are formed by connexon proteins and allow communication between cells

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion

Question 18

Which of the following is a property of water that makes it vital for life?

Accepted Answer

Universal solvent

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Polar bonds share electrons unequally; nonpolar bonds share electrons equally

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why proteins are considered the most versatile biomolecules in the body?

Accepted Answer

They perform structural, enzymatic, and transport functions

Cells and Biomolecules: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

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