Q: Which organelle is responsible for the majority of ATP production in a cell, and what is the chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

Mitochondrion; $$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6 O_2$ \rightarrow 6 CO_2$ + 6 H_2O + \text{Energy (ATP + heat)}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a cell?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to pump sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which type of solution was the cell placed in, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic solution; lysis

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx on the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Serves as a biological marker for cell recognition

Question 4

Which organelle is responsible for the majority of ATP production in a cell, and what is the chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; $$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6 O_2$ ightarrow 6 CO_2$ + 6 H_2O + 	ext{Energy (ATP + heat)}$$

Question 5

Which type of membrane transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 6

A patient with familial hypercholesterolemia has high blood cholesterol due to a defect in which cellular process?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate?

Accepted Answer

They require multiple nuclei to synthesize large amounts of protein for muscle contraction.

Question 8

Which of the following cell junctions allows for the rapid passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells, such as in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 9

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the result of this process?

Accepted Answer

S phase; each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane protein, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 11

A cell is placed in a 9% NaCl solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

It will shrink because the solution is hypertonic.

Question 12

Which organelle is responsible for modifying, concentrating, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 13

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for resisting pulling forces and stabilizing desmosomes in cells exposed to mechanical stress?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 14

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for translation.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-life example of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of cholesterol via LDL receptors

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why not all cells in the human body are identical, even though they contain the same DNA?

Accepted Answer

Different cells express different segments of DNA, producing different proteins.

Question 18

Which process is responsible for the breakdown and recycling of nonfunctional organelles and cytoplasmic components within a cell?

Accepted Answer

Autophagy

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Digest and break down cellular debris and foreign substances

Question 20

Which of the following is a consequence of necrosis, as opposed to apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Cell swells, bursts, and induces an inflammatory response

Cells: The Living Units – Structure, Function, and Processes

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