Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between paracrine and autocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Paracrine signals are secreted into the extracellular space to affect nearby but different types of cells, while autocrine signals elicit effects from the same cell or cell type that secreted them.

Question 2

Which hormone class is generally hydrophobic and binds to intracellular receptors?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones

Question 3

A patient presents with weight loss, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos. Laboratory tests reveal elevated thyroid hormone levels. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Graves’ disease

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why hydrophilic hormones require second messenger systems?

Accepted Answer

They cannot cross the plasma membrane and must bind to membrane receptors to initiate intracellular signaling.

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium concentration?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

A patient with Cushing’s disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Muscle wasting, moon facies, and hyperglycemia

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the multi-tiered negative feedback control of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

TRH from hypothalamus → TSH from anterior pituitary → Thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

Question 8

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 9

A person with type 1 diabetes mellitus is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of beta islet cells and inability to produce insulin

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of aldosterone in fluid homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased water retention and blood volume.

Question 11

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the development of male secondary sex characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 12

During a fasting state, which hormone is most responsible for increasing blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of growth hormone (GH) on target tissues?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of fat breakdown (lipolysis) and protein synthesis

Question 14

A patient is found to have low blood calcium, muscle spasms, and tingling sensations. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones have a longer half-life in the bloodstream compared to amino acid-based hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones form complexes with plasma protein carriers, which protect them from rapid degradation.

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is involved in the acute stress response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios would most likely trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma volume and increased plasma solute concentration

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the thymus and is primarily involved in the maturation of T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Question 19

A patient with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for which dangerous metabolic condition due to rapid ketone body formation?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis

Question 20

Which hormone is released in response to stretching of the uterus and promotes uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Chapter 16: The Endocrine System – Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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