Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the normal pH range of blood?

$$7.35 \leq \text{pH} \leq 7.45$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the human body?

Accepted Answer

To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs

Question 2

A patient presents with severe tissue edema and low blood pressure. Laboratory tests reveal low plasma protein levels. Which physiological principle best explains the patient's symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Low plasma protein decreases oncotic pressure, causing fluid to remain in tissues

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence for erythropoiesis from stem cell to mature erythrocyte?

Accepted Answer

Pluripotent stem cell → erythrocyte colony forming unit → erythroblast → reticulocyte → erythrocyte

Question 4

A mountain climber spends several weeks at high altitude. Which physiological response is most likely to occur, and what hormone mediates this response?

Accepted Answer

Increased erythropoiesis mediated by erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 5

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining blood osmolarity and oncotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 6

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which mechanism best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient erythropoietin production by the kidneys

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct consequence of polycythemia?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity, which can lead to embolism or stroke

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with pernicious anemia. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is the underlying absorption issue?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why sickle-cell trait persists in populations of African descent?

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous individuals are resistant to malaria because HbS is indigestible to malaria parasites

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the normal pH range of blood?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 \leq 	ext{pH} \leq 7.45$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin consists of four protein chains, each with a heme group that binds oxygen to iron

Question 12

A patient with iron-deficiency anemia is most likely to exhibit which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low hemoglobin concentration and low hematocrit

Question 13

Which of the following is a major function of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

Accepted Answer

Protection against pathogens through immune responses

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why blood viscosity increases in polycythemia?

Accepted Answer

Increased number of erythrocytes raises resistance to flow

Question 15

A patient with sickle-cell disease experiences a 'crisis' after intense exercise. What is the most likely physiological cause?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen concentration causes HbS to polymerize, distorting RBC shape and blocking vessels

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the stomach in erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

It produces intrinsic factor necessary for vitamin B12 absorption

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct effect of anemia on the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Heart rate increases to compensate for reduced oxygen delivery

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why males typically have higher hematocrit and hemoglobin levels than females?

Accepted Answer

Androgens stimulate RBC production and females lose blood during menstruation

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating hematocrit?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hematocrit} = \frac{	ext{Volume of RBCs}}{	ext{Total Blood Volume}} 	imes 100$$

Chapter 17: Blood – Structure, Function, and Disorders

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