$$\text{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{\text{Prothrombin Activator}} \text{Thrombin}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why erythrocytes (red blood cells) are biconcave in shape?

Accepted Answer

To maximize the surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient gas exchange

Question 2

A patient is found to have a hematocrit of 65%. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity and risk of thromboembolic events

Question 3

Which of the following is a direct result of the absence of mitochondria in mature erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes do not consume the oxygen they transport

Question 4

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It contributes to plasma osmotic pressure and acts as a blood buffer

Question 6

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Which type of anemia is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{	ext{Prothrombin Activator}} 	ext{Thrombin}$$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why a person with type O blood is considered a universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Their red blood cells lack A and B antigens

Question 9

A patient with a genetic mutation resulting in abnormal beta chains of hemoglobin is most likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 11

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin K would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired synthesis of clotting factors and increased bleeding tendency

Question 12

Which leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood and is a key phagocyte during acute bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 13

A patient with a U-shaped nucleus and large, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules is most likely to have an increase in which cell type?

Accepted Answer

Basophils

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the fate of the heme group from hemoglobin after erythrocyte destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is degraded to bilirubin, which is excreted in bile

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why patients with hemophilia experience prolonged bleeding?

Accepted Answer

They have a deficiency in one or more clotting factors

Question 16

A patient with a high white blood cell count, fatigue, and frequent infections is most likely suffering from which disorder?

Accepted Answer

Leukemia

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of plasmin in the body?

Accepted Answer

It digests fibrin and dissolves blood clots

Question 18

A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis is prescribed heparin. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

Accepted Answer

Heparin enhances the activity of antithrombin III, inhibiting thrombin

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a person with sickle-cell trait is more resistant to malaria?

Accepted Answer

Sickled cells are destroyed more rapidly, removing infected cells

Question 20

Which of the following equations best represents the oxygen loading reaction in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hb} + 	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 	ext{HbO}_2$$

Chapter 17: Blood – Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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