Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It anchors the heart to surrounding structures and prevents overfilling.

Question 2

A patient presents with a pericardial friction rub and cardiac tamponade. What is the most immediate threat to cardiac function in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Compression of the heart limiting its pumping ability.

Question 3

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Left atrium

Question 4

The chordae tendineae and papillary muscles function to:

Accepted Answer

Prevent the atrioventricular valve flaps from everting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 6

A patient with persistent high blood pressure is at risk for which of the following changes in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased afterload leading to ventricular hypertrophy.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why tetanic contractions cannot occur in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

The absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle is almost as long as the contraction itself.

Question 8

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all four heart valves closed and ventricular volume remains constant?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely result from a stenotic aortic valve?

Accepted Answer

Increased resistance to blood flow from the left ventricle, requiring greater force of contraction.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the preload (stretch), the greater the force of contraction and stroke volume.

Question 12

A patient is experiencing bradycardia due to increased parasympathetic stimulation. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for this effect?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the action potential of contractile cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

It includes a plateau phase due to slow $$Ca^{2+}$$ influx.

Question 14

Which of the following would most likely be seen on an ECG if the AV node is defective and only some impulses reach the ventricles?

Accepted Answer

Heart block with fewer QRS complexes than P waves.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood into the systemic circuit, which has higher resistance and pressure.

Question 16

A patient with a myocardial infarction affecting the left ventricle is at greatest risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Reduced systemic circulation and possible systemic organ failure.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely increase cardiac output during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Increased sympathetic stimulation leading to increased heart rate and contractility.

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of hyperkalemia on cardiac function?

Accepted Answer

Altered resting membrane potential, possibly leading to heart block or cardiac arrest.

Question 20

A patient with left-sided heart failure is most likely to develop which of the following clinical signs?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary edema due to blood backing up in the pulmonary circuit.

Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System – The Heart (Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide)

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