Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a physical and a chemical change in matter?

Accepted Answer

A chemical change alters the basic nature of a substance, while a physical change does not.

Question 2

Which element is the most abundant in the human body by mass, and what is its primary role?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen; essential for the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP.

Question 3

A neutral atom of sodium (Na) has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons. What is the atomic number and mass number of this atom?

Accepted Answer

Atomic number: 11; Mass number: 23

Question 4

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 5

Which type of chemical bond is responsible for the surface tension of water and the stabilization of protein structures?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bond

Question 6

A patient is given a solution with a pH of 4. Which of the following best describes this solution?

Accepted Answer

It is acidic and has more H+ ions than OH− ions.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why water is considered the 'universal solvent' in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water is polar and can dissolve many ionic and polar substances.

Question 8

Which of the following reactions is an example of a synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{A} + \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{AB}$$

Question 9

Which of the following factors would increase the rate of a chemical reaction in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Adding a catalyst

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

A monosaccharide is a simple sugar, while a disaccharide is formed by the dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP releases energy when a high-energy phosphate bond is broken.

Question 12

A molecule of methane ($$\mathrm{CH}_4) is $$formed when one carbon atom shares electrons with four hydrogen atoms. What type of chemical bond is present in methane?

Accepted Answer

Nonpolar covalent bond

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) form an ionic bond to create sodium chloride (NaCl)?

Accepted Answer

Sodium donates an electron to chlorine, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract.

Question 14

Which of the following is a property of water that helps maintain a stable body temperature in humans?

Accepted Answer

High heat capacity

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Buffers help regulate pH changes by accepting or donating H+ ions.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about proteins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of globular (functional) proteins in the body?

Accepted Answer

Acting as enzymes, hormones, or antibodies

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

Polymers are broken down into monomers by the addition of a water molecule.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are important in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads allow them to form a bilayer that separates the cell from its environment.

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry – Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology

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