Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the structure of a cell is closely related to its function?

Accepted Answer

Cell structure and function are complementary; the biochemical functions of cells are dictated by their shape and specific subcellular structures.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and possibly burst (lyse) because water will move into the cell by osmosis.

Question 3

Which of the following processes requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 4

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic to their red blood cells. What is the expected outcome for the cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink as water leaves the cells.

Question 5

Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic respiration, and what unique feature does it possess?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; contains its own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to move $$3\ \mathrm{Na^+}$$ ions out of the cell and $$2\ \mathrm{K^+}$$ ions into the cell, maintaining electrochemical gradients.

Question 7

Which type of cell junction prevents molecules from passing between adjacent cells in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Tight junction

Question 8

A cell is observed to engulf a bacterium by extending pseudopods around it and enclosing it in a vesicle. Which process is being described?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 10

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for maintaining cell shape and serving as tracks for motor proteins?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 11

A mutation prevents the formation of ribosomes in a cell. Which cellular process would be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of lysosomes in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Digesting ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins

Question 13

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are considered semiautonomous organelles?

Accepted Answer

They can divide independently and contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 15

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs

Question 16

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

It relies on the energy stored in ion gradients created by primary active transport.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Providing a site for protein synthesis

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for translation.

Question 19

A cell is unable to form microtubules. Which of the following processes would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

Question 20

Which of the following best describes receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The cell uses specific receptors to internalize particular molecules into vesicles.

Chapter 3: Cells – The Living Units (Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes)

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