Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a solution, a colloid, and a suspension as shown in the images?

Accepted Answer

A solution contains very tiny solute particles that do not settle out or scatter light, a colloid contains larger particles that do not settle but scatter light, and a suspension contains very large particles that settle out and may scatter light.

Question 2

Which type of chemical bond is formed by the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, as illustrated in the sodium chloride (NaCl) diagram?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond

Question 3

In the context of water molecules, what is the primary reason for the formation of hydrogen bonds between them?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules are polar, with a slightly negative oxygen end and a slightly positive hydrogen end.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why carbon dioxide (CO$$_2) is a $$nonpolar molecule, while water (H$$_2O) is $$polar?

Accepted Answer

CO$$_2 is $$linear and symmetrical, causing the dipoles to cancel out, while H$$_2O is V-$$shaped, resulting in a net dipole moment.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding the octet rule and chemical bonding?

Accepted Answer

Atoms react to achieve a full valence shell, typically with 8 electrons, except for the first shell which is full with 2 electrons.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Monomers are joined together by the removal of a water molecule, forming a covalent bond.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = -\log[H^+]$$

Question 8

A patient’s blood pH drops from 7.4 to 7.1. Which of the following best describes what has happened?

Accepted Answer

The blood has become more acidic due to an increase in hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct example of a buffer system in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system, which shifts equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate in response to pH changes

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds, which can be hydrolyzed to release energy.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between a cation and an anion?

Accepted Answer

A cation is a positively charged ion that has lost electrons, while an anion is a negatively charged ion that has gained electrons.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a synthesis (anabolic) reaction?

Accepted Answer

The joining of amino acids to form a protein molecule.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

Polymers are broken down into monomers by the addition of a water molecule.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why water is considered the 'universal solvent' in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water is polar, allowing it to dissolve many ionic and polar substances.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct representation of the ATP hydrolysis reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$ATP + H_2O ightarrow ADP + P_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They form a flexible bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward, allowing selective permeability.

Question 18

Which of the following is a property of acids in aqueous solution?

Accepted Answer

They act as proton donors, releasing H$$^+$$ ions.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Buffers resist changes in pH by releasing or absorbing H$$^+$$ ions as needed.

Chemistry Fundamentals for Anatomy & Physiology

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