Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels after a carbohydrate-rich meal, and what is its main mechanism of action in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; increases GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake

Question 2

A patient presents with low serum T4 and elevated TSH. Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Primary hypothyroidism due to thyroid gland failure

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is synthesized in the hypothalamus but released from the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

Which metabolic process is most active during the postabsorptive (fasting) state?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis in the liver

Question 5

Which hormone acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and increasing renal calcium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

A patient with pituitary gigantism is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Elevated growth hormone (GH) before epiphyseal plate closure

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism that prevents overproduction of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback from T3/T4 to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 8

Which hormone is released from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its primary physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 9

Which of the following is a direct effect of thyroid hormones (T3/T4) on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Upregulation of Na+/K+ ATPase activity

Question 10

A marathon runner experiences elevated heart rate, airway dilation, and increased glycogen breakdown during a race. Which hormone is primarily responsible for these acute stress responses?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus develop hyperglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Absolute deficiency of insulin due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Question 12

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis response to cold exposure?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus secretes TRH → Anterior pituitary releases TSH → Thyroid follicular cells synthesize and release T3/T4 → Target cells increase Na+/K+ ATPase activity and BMR

Question 13

Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting milk production in the postpartum period, and what is its main regulatory control?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin; inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of growth hormone (GH) on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

GH raises blood glucose by antagonizing insulin

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the humoral stimulation of hormone release?

Accepted Answer

It is triggered by changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, and what is its primary metabolic effect?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; promotes gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of negative feedback in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits hormone secretion when levels are adequate, maintaining physiological setpoints

Question 18

Which of the following hormones is NOT directly involved in raising blood glucose levels during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 19

A patient with Graves' disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Heat intolerance, weight loss, tachycardia

Endocrine Glands, Hormonal Regulation, and Metabolic Control: Study Guide

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