Q: Given the equation $$\text{Metabolic Rate} = \frac{\text{mL O_2$ consumed in 1 hour}}{\text{mass in kg}}$$, calculate the metabolic rate for a rat that consumes 500 mL O$$_2 in 1 $$hour and weighs 0.25 kg.

$$2000\ \text{mL O}_2/\text{kg}/\text{hr}$$

Question 1

Which hormone is directly responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland to release thyroxine?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 2

A thyroidectomized rat is injected with TSH. What is the expected effect on its metabolic rate and why?

Accepted Answer

No change in metabolic rate because the rat lacks a thyroid gland to respond to TSH.

Question 3

Given the equation $$	ext{Metabolic Rate} = \frac{	ext{mL O_2$ consumed in 1 hour}}{	ext{mass in kg}}$$, calculate the metabolic rate for a rat that consumes 500 mL O$$_2 in 1 $$hour and weighs 0.25 kg.

Accepted Answer

$$2000\ 	ext{mL O}_2/	ext{kg}/	ext{hr}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) on a normal rat?

Accepted Answer

It decreases metabolic rate and may cause goiter formation.

Question 5

A patient has a fasting plasma glucose level of 130 mg/dL. According to the provided criteria, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 6

In the context of blood glucose measurement, what does a higher optical density (OD) indicate?

Accepted Answer

Higher glucose concentration

Question 7

If the standard curve for glucose concentration is linear and given by $$y = 0.01x + 0.1$$, where $$y is OD $$and $$x is $$glucose concentration (mg/dL), what is the glucose concentration for a sample with OD = 0.4?

Accepted Answer

$$30\ 	ext{mg/dL}$$

Question 8

Which treatment showed the greatest improvement in T score for ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen therapy

Question 9

What is the primary mechanism by which calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Inhibiting osteoclasts and increasing calcium excretion in urine

Question 10

A patient presents with high cortisol and low ACTH levels. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of negative feedback in the HPA axis?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol inhibits the release of CRH and ACTH

Question 12

Which experimental technique is best suited for separating and quantifying cortisol and ACTH in plasma samples?

Accepted Answer

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Question 13

A hypophysectomized rat is injected with thyroxine. What is the expected effect on its metabolic rate?

Accepted Answer

Increase in metabolic rate compared to baseline

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic finding in Addison’s Disease?

Accepted Answer

Low cortisol, high ACTH

Question 15

Which hormone is released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 16

A patient with type 2 diabetes has high blood glucose levels despite normal insulin production. What is the underlying problem?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance in target cells

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why estrogen therapy improves bone density in ovariectomized rats?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct sequence of hormone release in the HPA axis?

Accepted Answer

CRH → ACTH → Cortisol

Question 19

A sample solution in a spectrophotometer has an initial light intensity $$I_0$$ and a transmitted intensity $$I_t. $$Which equation correctly describes absorbance ($$A$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$A = \log_{10}\left(\frac{I_0$}{I_t}\right)$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of a monochromator in a spectrophotometer?

Accepted Answer

It separates light into its component wavelengths.

Endocrine Physiology: Thyroid, Blood Glucose, Hormone Therapy, and HPA Axis (A&P II: PhysioEx Exercise 4)

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