Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of response time and duration?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system initiates responses rapidly and has short-duration responses, while the endocrine system initiates responses slowly and has long-duration responses.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood glucose levels after a meal. Which hormone is primarily responsible for restoring blood glucose to normal, and what is its main mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; enhances glucose uptake by body cells and promotes glycogenesis.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why only certain cells respond to a specific hormone?

Accepted Answer

Only cells with the appropriate receptors for that hormone can respond.

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cAMP second messenger system used by water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone → Receptor → G protein → Adenylate cyclase → cAMP → Protein kinase

Question 5

A person is experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia after vigorous exercise. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted to correct this imbalance, and what is its primary target?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; targets the liver to stimulate glycogen breakdown.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They act via second messenger systems at the plasma membrane.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

Question 8

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary is found to have elevated levels of ACTH. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium levels stimulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) release.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.

Question 11

Which hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake into bone.

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of growth hormone (GH) on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose.

Question 13

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, and what is one of its main effects?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood glucose levels.

Question 14

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Elevated metabolic rate, weight loss, and nervousness.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for lipid-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and directly activate gene transcription.

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what is one of its main functions?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Question 17

Which of the following is a likely result of hyposecretion of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus with symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.

Question 18

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in females, and what regulates its secretion?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin; primarily inhibited by dopamine (PIH) from the hypothalamus.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of paracrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Somatostatin released by pancreatic gamma-cells inhibits insulin release by beta-cells.

Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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