Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the plasma membrane in a human cell?

Accepted Answer

It provides a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the exchange of materials with the environment.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a high concentration of potassium ions and a net negative charge inside compared to the outside. Which cellular component is responsible for maintaining this ionic difference?

Accepted Answer

The plasma membrane

Question 3

Which of the following processes requires ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 4

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the function of ribosomes. Which cellular process will be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 5

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins for secretion or use within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 6

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why glucose requires a carrier protein to cross the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is a large, polar molecule that cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 8

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of lysosomal enzymes. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of cellular waste and debris

Question 9

Which of the following structures is responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Centrioles

Question 10

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and which process is responsible?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and possibly burst due to osmosis.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It stabilizes the structure of the membrane.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates

Question 13

A cell is observed to have an abundance of peroxisomes. In which organ would you most likely find this cell?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

It is a highly selective process where target molecules bind to specific receptors, triggering vesicle formation.

Question 15

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Thick filaments composed of myosin

Question 16

During which stage of mitosis do paired chromatids line up in the middle of the nuclear region?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 17

Which of the following equations best represents the movement of molecules during diffusion?

Accepted Answer

$$ J = -D \frac{dC}{dx} $$

Question 18

A cell is unable to produce ATP. Which of the following processes would be directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded into cristae?

Accepted Answer

To increase the surface area for ATP production

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing ATP

Foundations: The Cell – Structure, Function, and Life Cycle

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