Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular genetics?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a new organism with 12 pairs of chromosomes in its somatic cells. According to the law of independent assortment, how many different combinations of chromosomes can its gametes produce (ignore crossing over)?

Accepted Answer

$$2^{12}$$

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule found in living cells?

Accepted Answer

Water

Question 4

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from ATG GGC CTT AGC to ATG GGC ATT AGC. What is the likely consequence at the protein level?

Accepted Answer

The third amino acid changes from leucine to isoleucine.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why genetically homogeneous livestock herds produced by cloning may be at risk?

Accepted Answer

They are more susceptible to certain diseases due to lack of genetic variation.

Question 6

In a population of butterflies, the dark allele (D) is dominant to the light allele (d). If two heterozygous butterflies (Dd) mate, what is the probability that their first three offspring will all be light-colored?

Accepted Answer

$$\left(\frac{1}{4}\$$right)^3$$ = \frac{1}{64}$$

Question 7

Which of the following is a real-world application of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene in research?

Accepted Answer

Identifying and sorting male mosquitoes from females for population control.

Question 8

A pedigree shows two unaffected parents with an affected child for a certain genetic disorder. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a loss-of-function allele?

Accepted Answer

An allele that results in reduced or eliminated function of the encoded protein.

Question 10

A cross is made between two pea plants, both heterozygous for seed color (Yy, where Y = yellow and y = green). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

Accepted Answer

3 yellow : 1 green

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method as applied to genetics?

Accepted Answer

Ignoring data that do not fit the hypothesis

Question 12

If a human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are found in a human gamete?

Accepted Answer

23

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the relationship between genes and traits?

Accepted Answer

Genes encode proteins, which determine cell structure and function, ultimately producing traits.

Question 14

A geneticist is interested in the frequency of a particular allele in a population and how it changes over time. Which field of genetics does this research belong to?

Accepted Answer

Population genetics

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct result of transcription?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of RNA

Question 16

A cross is made between AaBb and AaBb individuals. What is the probability of obtaining an offspring with genotype AABB, assuming independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{16}$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a key advantage of using model organisms in genetic research?

Accepted Answer

Their genetic mechanisms are often similar to those in humans.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes genetic variation?

Accepted Answer

Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct application of the product rule in genetics?

Accepted Answer

Calculating the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome of a gene mutation?

Accepted Answer

A guaranteed improvement in the organism's fitness

Genetics and Mendelian Inheritance: Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology Students

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