Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between osmolarity and tonicity?

Accepted Answer

Osmolarity is the total concentration of solute particles, while tonicity refers to the effect of non-penetrating solutes on cell volume.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. Which of the following best describes the solution?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic to the cell.

Question 3

Which of the following ions has a higher concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compared to the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

K+

Question 4

Which process is responsible for the movement of O2 and CO2 across the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 5

According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, which of the following changes would increase the rate of diffusion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

Increasing membrane permeability

Question 6

The Na+/K+ ATPase pump moves ions in which direction and in what ratio?

Accepted Answer

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

Question 7

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

It uses the energy stored in the concentration gradient of one molecule to move another molecule against its gradient.

Question 8

A cell is placed in a solution containing only non-penetrating solutes. The cell shrinks. What can you conclude about the solution?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypertonic.

Question 9

Which of the following is a property of carrier proteins but NOT channel proteins?

Accepted Answer

They undergo conformational changes to move substances.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why glucose continues to enter a cell via facilitated diffusion even after the intracellular glucose concentration rises?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate, maintaining the concentration gradient.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the resting membrane potential of a typical cell?

Accepted Answer

It is typically around $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}$$, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of a mutated CFTR Cl- channel in pancreatic acini?

Accepted Answer

Decreased secretion of HCO$$_3^-$$

Question 13

Which of the following transport processes requires energy directly from ATP hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 14

A solution contains 200 mOsM of non-penetrating solutes and 100 mOsM of penetrating solutes. What is the tonicity of this solution relative to a cell with 300 mOsM of non-penetrating solutes?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of bulk flow in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Movement of blood through the circulatory system

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the direction of Na+ and glucose movement by the SGLT transporter in the intestinal epithelium?

Accepted Answer

Both Na+ and glucose move into the cell; Na+ moves down its gradient, glucose moves against its gradient.

Question 17

Which of the following would increase the rate of transport for a substrate that is moved by a carrier protein, according to the concept of saturation?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the number of carrier proteins in the membrane

Question 18

Which of the following is a property shared by all forms of passive transport across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

They move substances down their concentration gradients.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes transcytosis?

Accepted Answer

Movement of substances across a cell via endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 20

A cell is placed in a solution and does not change size. Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The solution is isotonic.

Membrane Dynamics and Transport Mechanisms in Human Physiology

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