Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between passive and active membrane transport processes?

Accepted Answer

Passive processes move substances down their concentration gradient without energy input, while active processes require energy to move substances against their gradient.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell until it bursts. Which type of solution was the cell placed in, and why did this occur?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic; water moved into the cell due to a lower solute concentration outside.

Question 3

Which property does NOT contribute to the selective permeability of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

The temperature of the external environment

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A cell taking in cholesterol by binding to LDL receptors

Question 5

What is the main difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Pinocytosis engulfs fluids and small molecules, while phagocytosis engulfs large solid particles.

Question 6

Which equation best represents the relationship between concentration gradient and diffusion rate?

Accepted Answer

$$ J = -D \frac{dC}{dx} $$

Question 7

A patient receives an intravenous solution of 0.9% NaCl. What is the tonicity of this solution relative to red blood cells, and what effect does it have?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic; red blood cells remain normal in size and shape.

Question 8

Which of the following factors would NOT increase the rate of diffusion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the distance the particle must travel

Question 9

Why does salt preserve meat, based on the principles of osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Salt creates a hypertonic environment, causing water to leave bacterial cells and inhibiting their growth.

Question 10

Which step of the scientific method involves making an educated guess to explain an observation?

Accepted Answer

Hypothesis

Question 11

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell and why?

Accepted Answer

It will shrink because water leaves the cell.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes osmosis?

Accepted Answer

The movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the rate of diffusion?

Accepted Answer

The color of the molecule

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble molecules can diffuse freely across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

The plasma membrane is composed primarily of lipids, allowing lipid-soluble molecules to dissolve and pass through.

Question 15

Which process describes the release of insulin from pancreatic cells into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Question 16

A scientist observes that vegetation near a salted road is dead. Which step of the scientific method is this?

Accepted Answer

Observation

Question 17

Which of the following best defines a solution?

Accepted Answer

A homogeneous mixture composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of carrier-mediated transport?

Accepted Answer

Glucose entering a cell via a specific protein transporter

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely increase the osmotic pressure in a solution?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the solute concentration

Membrane Transport, Diffusion, and Osmosis: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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