Question 1

Which of the following elements is the most abundant in the human body by weight, and what is its primary significance?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen; it is a component of water and other compounds, and its gaseous form is essential for respiration

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA based on their nitrogenous bases?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil

Question 3

A solution with a pH of 5 has how many times more hydrogen ions ($$[H^+]) $$than a solution with a pH of 7?

Accepted Answer

$$100$$ times more

Question 4

Which of the following electrolytes dissociates in body fluids to release $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ and $$\mathrm{Cl^-}$$ ions?

Accepted Answer

NaCl (sodium chloride)

Question 5

Which class of organic molecules is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming a bilayer that separates the cell from its environment

Question 7

Which of the following is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 8

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their red blood cells. What is the most likely effect on the cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink (crenation)

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are considered biological catalysts?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy of chemical reactions and are not consumed in the process

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a purine and a pyrimidine in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine and thymine

Question 11

Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing most of the ATP in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 Na$$^+$$ out of the cell and 2 K$$^+$$ into the cell using ATP

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins for secretion

Question 14

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is correct?

Accepted Answer

It uses carrier proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradient without energy input

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

They neutralize strong acids and bases to maintain pH homeostasis

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

The copying of genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of microvilli on the surface of epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

Increase surface area to facilitate absorption

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why water is considered an excellent solvent in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

It is polar and can dissolve many ionic and polar substances

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the turnover time of cellular components?

Accepted Answer

Most cellular components are recycled at intervals ranging from hours to years, depending on the cell type and component

Molecules, Chemistry, and the Cell: Essential Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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