Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels, and what is its main mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bones

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Laboratory tests reveal hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Which endocrine disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes Mellitus (general)

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and influence gene transcription.

Question 4

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland at night and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 5

A person on a very low carbohydrate diet is most likely to have increased secretion of which pancreatic hormone?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 6

Which of the following is a long-term complication of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Retinal damage leading to blindness

Question 7

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to increased blood pressure and acts to decrease blood volume?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why water-soluble hormones cannot enter target cells directly?

Accepted Answer

They are repelled by the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane.

Question 9

A patient with an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells is most likely to require which of the following treatments?

Accepted Answer

Periodic injections of insulin

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'enzyme amplification' in hormone action?

Accepted Answer

A single hormone molecule can trigger the activation of many enzymes, leading to a large cellular response.

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the placenta and is essential for maintaining pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone

Question 12

Which of the following is a paracrine secretion involved in allergic reactions and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Question 13

A patient is experiencing hypoglycemia, weakness, and hunger after an insulin injection. Which hormone(s) would be secreted in response to this state?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine, growth hormone, and glucagon

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism controlling thyroid hormone levels?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback from thyroid hormones to the hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 15

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing Type II Diabetes Mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Question 16

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (like prednisone) are effective in reducing inflammation?

Accepted Answer

They block the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of a hormone?

Accepted Answer

It is the rate at which a hormone is removed from the blood by the liver and kidneys.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of up-regulation of hormone receptors on a target cell?

Accepted Answer

Increased sensitivity to the hormone

Question 20

A patient with gestational diabetes is at increased risk for which of the following after pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Development of Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Other Endocrine Glands and Hormone Physiology: Mini-Textbook Study Notes

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