Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cAMP second messenger system?

$$\text{Hormone} \rightarrow \text{GPCR} \rightarrow \text{Adenylyl cyclase} \rightarrow \text{cAMP} \rightarrow \text{Protein kinase}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference in the mechanism of signal transmission between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses neurotransmitters that diffuse across a synapse, while the endocrine system uses hormones that travel through the bloodstream.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of autocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

A cell releases a chemical messenger that binds to receptors on its own surface.

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is NOT released by the anterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 4

Steroid hormones require a transport protein in the blood because:

Accepted Answer

They are not chemically compatible with the blood and are hydrophobic.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why second messenger systems can produce large cellular responses to small amounts of hormone?

Accepted Answer

Second messenger systems amplify the signal at multiple steps, creating a larger cellular response.

Question 6

A patient has low levels of thyroid hormone (T3/T4), low levels of cortisol, and low levels of growth hormone. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

A disorder affecting the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 7

Which hormone is derived from tryptophan and helps regulate circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 8

Which of the following statements about hormone receptors is correct?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors, forming a hormone-receptor complex that interacts with DNA.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cAMP second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hormone} ightarrow 	ext{GPCR} ightarrow 	ext{Adenylyl cyclase} ightarrow 	ext{cAMP} ightarrow 	ext{Protein kinase}$$

Question 11

Which hormone is released in response to stress and acts to increase blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between paracrine and endocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Paracrine signals act on nearby cells, while endocrine signals travel through the bloodstream to distant cells.

Question 13

Which of the following hormones is produced by the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Accepted Answer

It promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why insulin is classified as an amino acid-based hormone?

Accepted Answer

It binds to receptors on the cell membrane and is water-soluble.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?

Accepted Answer

Initiating voluntary muscle contraction for movement.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of amplification in a second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

One hormone molecule can trigger the production of many second messenger molecules, leading to a large cellular response.

Question 18

Which of the following hormones is released by the posterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of tropic hormones?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct pairing of hormone and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Insulin – lowers blood glucose levels

Step-by-Step Study Guidance: The Endocrine System (Anatomy & Physiology)

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