Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 Na$$^+$$ ions out of the cell and 2 K$$^+$$ ions into the cell using ATP, maintaining the electrochemical gradient.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to shrink. Which type of solution is the cell in, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic solution; crenation

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Question 5

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the result?

Accepted Answer

S phase; each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why water moves into a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

Accepted Answer

The solute concentration is lower outside the cell, so water moves in by osmosis.

Question 7

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for cell movement and changes in cell shape?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

Question 8

A patient is exposed to a toxin that inhibits ribosomal function. Which cellular process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis (translation)

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

They digest and recycle cellular waste and foreign material.

Question 11

A mutation prevents the formation of tight junctions in epithelial cells. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Fluids and most molecules will be able to pass freely between cells.

Question 12

Which process requires energy input in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the glycocalyx on the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a biological marker for cell recognition and immune response.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of drugs and synthesis of steroid hormones

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as 'redundant'?

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

Question 16

A cell is observed to have an abnormally high number of peroxisomes. What might this indicate about the cell's function?

Accepted Answer

It is involved in detoxification of harmful substances.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

The copying of DNA into a complementary RNA sequence.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

Accepted Answer

They anchor cells to the extracellular matrix and assist in cell migration.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells.

The Cell: Structure, Function, and Life Cycle (Anatomy & Physiology I, Chapter 2)

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