Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, regulates transport, communicates with other cells, and provides structural support.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which term best describes the tonicity of the solution, and what is the direction of water movement?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic; water moves into the cell.

Question 3

Which of the following is a key difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires membrane proteins, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 4

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of which type of membrane transport, and what is the stoichiometry of ions moved per ATP hydrolyzed?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport; 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in per ATP

Question 5

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones and detoxification of drugs in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

A patient is exposed to a toxin that inhibits RNA polymerase. What is the most immediate cellular process that will be affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis (transcription)

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why osmosis is not simply the diffusion of water?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis is reversible and requires a membrane, while diffusion is not reversible and does not require a membrane.

Question 8

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink because water moves out of the cell.

Question 9

Which cytoskeletal element is most directly involved in muscle contraction and cell movement?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments (microfilaments)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

Question 11

A genetic mutation causes a defect in the dynein protein. Which cellular structure and function would most likely be affected?

Accepted Answer

Cilia and flagella; movement of mucus and sperm

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the process of secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

It uses the energy from a concentration gradient established by primary active transport to move another substance against its gradient.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of peroxisomes in human cells?

Accepted Answer

They oxidize toxic substances and break down fatty acids.

Question 14

A cell is unable to produce functional lysosomal acid hydrolases. Which disease is most likely to result from this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential of a cell is negative?

Accepted Answer

There is a thin layer of negative charges in the cytosol and positive charges in the ECF.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

G1 phase → S phase → G2 phase → M phase

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

The code specified by a gene is copied to create a strand of mRNA.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids?

Accepted Answer

They function in cell recognition and communication.

Question 19

A drug that acts as an antagonist to a membrane receptor will most likely:

Accepted Answer

Bind to the receptor and inhibit the ligand’s effects.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

It assembles ribosomes from rRNA and proteins.

The Cell: Structure, Function, and Processes in Human Anatomy & Physiology

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