Q: Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the ATP in a cell, and what is the overall equation for aerobic metabolism?

Mitochondrion; $$\text{Glucose} + \text{O}_2 + \text{ADP} \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the plasma membrane in a typical human cell?

Accepted Answer

It regulates the exchange of materials with the environment and provides structural support.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome, and which process is responsible?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst due to osmosis.

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the ATP in a cell, and what is the overall equation for aerobic metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; $$	ext{Glucose} + 	ext{O}_2 + 	ext{ADP} ightarrow 	ext{CO}_2 + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is described as 'selectively permeable'?

Accepted Answer

It restricts movement based on size, charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility.

Question 5

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their red blood cells. What will happen to the cells, and why?

Accepted Answer

They will shrink due to water leaving by osmosis.

Question 6

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones and detoxification of drugs in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what enzyme is primarily responsible for adding new nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

S phase; DNA polymerase

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown and recycling of damaged organelles and pathogens

Question 9

A mutation in the gene encoding a recognition protein in the plasma membrane would most likely affect which cellular process?

Accepted Answer

The cell's ability to be identified as 'self' by the immune system

Question 10

Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient, and what is a classic example in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport; sodium-potassium exchange pump

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in protein processing?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins for secretion or use within the cell

Question 12

A cell is observed to have an abundance of microvilli on its surface. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Increased absorption of extracellular materials

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx on the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 15

A scientist observes a cell with a high rate of autolysis. Which organelle is most likely responsible for this observation, and what is the consequence for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes; self-destruction and recycling of cellular components

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why cancer can develop when repressor genes are faulty?

Accepted Answer

Cells divide uncontrollably due to lack of inhibition of the cell cycle.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the synthesis and export of a secretory protein?

Accepted Answer

Transcription in the nucleus → translation on rough ER → modification in Golgi apparatus → exocytosis

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 19

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the function of aquaporins. What process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the significance of cellular differentiation?

Accepted Answer

It enables cells to perform specialized functions by expressing only certain genes.

The Cellular Level of Organization: Structure and Function of Cells

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