Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is considered the 'universal solvent' in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water's polar covalent bonds allow it to surround and dissociate ionic and polar molecules, forming hydration spheres.

Question 2

A patient is given a radioactive isotope for a diagnostic scan. Which property of radioisotopes makes them useful for this purpose?

Accepted Answer

They emit energy as they decay, which can be detected by imaging equipment.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between a molecule and a compound?

Accepted Answer

A molecule is two or more atoms joined by shared electrons, while a compound is two or more atoms of different elements.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed.

Question 5

A solution has a pH of 4. What is the hydrogen ion concentration $$[H^+] in $$moles per liter?

Accepted Answer

$$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10$$^{-4}$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Buffers stabilize pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Joining two amino acids to form a dipeptide and releasing a molecule of water.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is true?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form micelles in water.

Question 9

A patient has a blood pH of 7.2. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

The blood is acidic, which may impair physiological functions.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fatty acids are liquid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds, allowing them to pack closely together.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a functional group and its property?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group (–COOH): acts as an acid, releasing H$$^+$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often storing energy in high-energy bonds.

Question 15

A solution contains a high concentration of Na$$^+$$ and Cl$$^-$$ ions. Which property of water allows these ions to remain dissolved?

Accepted Answer

Water forms hydration spheres around ions due to its polarity.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of an exchange reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to certain reactions?

Accepted Answer

The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape that only fits specific substrates.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism releases energy by breaking down molecules, while anabolism uses energy to build molecules.

Question 19

Which of the following is a physiological consequence of an electrolyte imbalance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Disturbance of vital body functions such as nerve and muscle activity.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of glycogen in the human body?

Accepted Answer

It is the main storage polysaccharide for glucose in liver and muscle cells.

The Chemical Level of Organization: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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