Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of peristalsis in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Propelling food forward through the alimentary canal via alternating waves of contraction and relaxation

Question 2

A patient presents with severe abdominal pain after a ruptured appendix. Which structure is most likely inflamed, and what is the primary danger if the condition becomes widespread?

Accepted Answer

The peritoneum; widespread inflammation can lead to systemic infection and sepsis

Question 3

Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis, and what is its structural arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Muscularis externa; inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

Question 4

Which of the following is a function of the mucosa layer of the GI tract?

Accepted Answer

Secreting digestive enzymes and hormones

Question 5

A patient with a short lingual frenulum (ankyloglossia) would most likely experience difficulty with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Swallowing and speech articulation

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the mouth, esophagus, and anus are lined with stratified squamous epithelium?

Accepted Answer

To protect against abrasion from food particles

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

Accepted Answer

Initiating the breakdown of proteins

Question 8

Which of the following arteries is NOT part of the splanchnic circulation supplying the digestive organs?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery

Question 9

A patient with periodontitis is at increased risk for which of the following systemic conditions?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis and stroke due to bacteria entering the bloodstream

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the hepatic portal circulation?

Accepted Answer

It delivers nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct adult dental formula for one half of the mouth?

Accepted Answer

$$2-1-2-3$$

Question 12

Which of the following structures anchors a tooth in its bony socket?

Accepted Answer

Periodontal ligament

Question 13

Which of the following best describes segmentation in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Nonadjacent segments contract and relax to mix food with digestive juices

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the lamina propria in the mucosa layer?

Accepted Answer

Providing capillaries for nourishment and absorption

Question 15

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of a thickened circular muscle layer in the muscularis externa?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a sphincter to regulate passage of food between GI tract regions

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the GI tract?

Accepted Answer

It controls motility and glandular secretion independently of the CNS

Question 17

A patient with a perforating gastric ulcer develops peritonitis. Which anatomical feature helps localize the infection initially?

Accepted Answer

Peritoneal coverings sticking together

Question 18

Which of the following is the hardest substance in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Enamel

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible result of untreated gingivitis?

Accepted Answer

Progression to periodontitis, which can destroy the periodontal ligament and lead to tooth loss

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the esophagus is covered by adventitia rather than serosa?

Accepted Answer

Adventitia is a dense connective tissue that anchors the esophagus to surrounding structures

The Digestive System: Structure and Function

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