Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'synergism' as illustrated in the provided figure?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon and epinephrine together amplify each other's effectiveness in opposing the action of insulin.

Question 2

Based on the figure, what is the effect of insulin alone on blood glucose concentration over time?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates cells to take up glucose, thereby reducing blood glucose in the blood.

Question 3

What does the term 'antagonism' refer to in the context of hormone interactions shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine and glucagon alone and together both oppose the action of insulin.

Question 4

If a patient is injected with both glucagon and epinephrine, what would you expect to happen to their blood glucose levels compared to injection with either hormone alone?

Accepted Answer

Blood glucose levels would increase more than with either hormone alone due to synergism.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why the combination of glucagon and epinephrine results in a higher blood glucose concentration than either hormone alone?

Accepted Answer

Synergistic interaction amplifies their individual effects.

Question 6

According to the figure, what is the primary effect of insulin on blood glucose concentration?

Accepted Answer

It lowers blood glucose by stimulating cellular uptake.

Question 7

Which hormone(s) in the figure act as antagonists to insulin?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon and epinephrine

Question 8

If a patient’s blood glucose remains high despite insulin administration, which hormone(s) might be elevated based on the figure?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon and/or epinephrine

Question 9

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose concentration as shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta [Glucose] = -Insulin + (Glucagon + Epinephrine)$$

Question 10

A diabetic patient is given an injection of insulin, but their blood glucose does not decrease as expected. Which physiological explanation is most consistent with the data in the figure?

Accepted Answer

Elevated levels of glucagon and epinephrine are opposing the action of insulin.

The Endocrine System: Hormonal Regulation and Activity

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