Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release secretions onto epithelial surfaces via ducts.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of weight loss, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos (bulging eyes). Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of thyroid hormone (TH). Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)

Question 3

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is responsible for uterine contractions and milk ejection?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 4

A person with a deficiency in dietary iodine is at risk for developing which condition, and why?

Accepted Answer

Goiter, because the thyroid cannot produce sufficient thyroid hormone

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble hormones require carrier proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve readily in blood plasma.

Question 6

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

A patient with chronic exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids presents with central obesity, hypertension, and striae. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cushing syndrome

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hormonal regulation of thyroid hormone (TH) release?

Accepted Answer

TRH → TSH → TH

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis.

Question 10

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Question 11

Which hormone is released from the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system activation?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin’s milk ejection effect requiring prolactin’s milk production

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and helps regulate circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 14

A patient with Addison disease is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, fatigue, and skin darkening

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell-surface receptors and activate second messenger systems.

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for increasing sodium retention and potassium secretion in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 17

A patient with acromegaly is most likely to have which of the following findings?

Accepted Answer

Enlargement of bones of the face, hands, and feet

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of calcitonin?

Accepted Answer

Decrease blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity

Question 19

Which hormone is released from the heart and acts to lower blood pressure by increasing urine output?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) in response to stress?

Accepted Answer

It is an immediate response involving sympathetic nervous system activation and release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Correlations

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