Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the endocrine and nervous systems in terms of how they communicate with target cells?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system releases hormones into the blood, which travel to distant target cells, while the nervous system releases neurotransmitters directly onto target cells.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure, low potassium, and high sodium levels. Which hormone is most likely being hypersecreted, and what is a likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; possibly due to an aldosterone-secreting tumor

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

TRH → TSH → T3/T4 → inhibition of TRH and TSH

Question 4

A patient with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for which of the following complications due to the accumulation of ketone bodies?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis, which can lower blood pH and lead to coma

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood calcium levels and acts to inhibit osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why oral preparations of human growth hormone (hGH) are ineffective?

Accepted Answer

hGH is a protein hormone and is destroyed by stomach acid and enzymes.

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct effect of cortisol during the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 8

A patient with Graves disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos

Question 9

Which hormone is produced by the heart and acts to decrease blood pressure by promoting natriuresis and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for hydrophobic steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and alter gene transcription.

Question 11

A patient with Addison disease is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Low blood glucose, low blood pressure, and risk of adrenal crisis

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct example of a hormone acting as an antagonist to another hormone?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose, while glucagon raises blood glucose.

Question 14

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of male secondary sex characteristics and is produced in the testes?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing intestinal absorption, and increasing renal reabsorption.

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating the sleep/wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 17

A patient is experiencing dehydration and high plasma solute concentration. Which hormonal changes would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of ADH and aldosterone, decreased urine output

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Promotes uptake of glucose by target cells and lowers blood glucose levels

Question 19

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of leptin on the body?

Accepted Answer

Leptin induces satiety by acting on neurons in the hypothalamus to prevent overeating.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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