Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and nervous system signaling?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine signals are slower and longer-lasting because hormones travel through the bloodstream, while nervous signals are faster and shorter-lived due to direct synaptic transmission.

Question 2

A hormone is released into the interstitial fluid, diffuses into blood capillaries, and is transported throughout the body. What is the term for the cell that has a receptor for this hormone?

Accepted Answer

Target cell

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a paracrine signal?

Accepted Answer

A chemical released by a tissue cell affecting nearby cells in the same tissue

Question 4

Which hormone class is most likely to bind to intracellular receptors and directly affect gene transcription?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophobic steroid hormones

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with acromegaly. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after closure of epiphyseal plates

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for hydrophilic hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second-messenger systems such as the adenylate cyclase-cAMP pathway.

Question 7

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity to lower blood calcium levels

Question 8

A patient presents with symptoms of Cushing’s disease. Which hormone is most likely elevated, and what is a classic physical sign?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; accumulation of fat in the face and upper back

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

High levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH release, reducing further thyroid hormone production.

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is one of its effects?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone

Question 11

A patient with untreated Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is at risk for which metabolic complication, and why?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis, due to increased production of ketone bodies from fatty acid metabolism

Question 12

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to increased blood volume, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); causes vasodilation and increased sodium excretion

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary.

Question 14

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the development of ovarian follicles and estrogen production in females?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 15

A patient with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex would most likely have abnormal levels of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct effect of cortisol during the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, and what is its primary target?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; red bone marrow

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why hydrophobic hormones can have longer-lasting effects than hydrophilic hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophobic hormones bind to intracellular receptors and alter gene expression, leading to prolonged effects.

Question 19

Which hormone is released in response to suckling and is responsible for milk ejection from the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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