Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of signal transmission?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses action potentials and neurotransmitters for rapid, short-duration responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, long-duration responses.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of heat intolerance, weight loss, and increased heart rate. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of thyroid hormones. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Question 3

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased blood solute concentration and acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones can directly activate genes inside target cells?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and diffuse through the plasma membrane to bind intracellular receptors.

Question 5

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have enlarged hands, feet, and facial features as an adult. Which hormone is most likely overproduced?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cAMP second messenger mechanism of amino acid-based hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase activated → cAMP produced → Protein kinase activated

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity, increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and activating vitamin D.

Question 8

A patient with Cushing's syndrome is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Buffalo hump, muscle weakness, and hyperglycemia

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to neural stimulation from preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the feedback regulation of thyroid hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

High levels of thyroid hormone inhibit both TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary.

Question 11

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood sodium and increased blood potassium

Question 12

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in the breast?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 13

Which of the following is a major effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose.

Question 14

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium and acts to increase calcium levels in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 15

A patient with diabetes insipidus is most likely to have a deficiency of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of leptin secreted by adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Leptin suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure.

Question 17

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of growth hormone (GH) on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Increases blood glucose and increases fat breakdown

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the heart in response to increased blood pressure and acts to decrease blood volume and pressure?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 20

A patient with failure of sexual maturation and low sperm count is most likely deficient in which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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