Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of signal transmission?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses action potentials and neurotransmitters for rapid, short-duration responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting responses.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of high blood glucose, increased urination, and excessive thirst. Which hormone is most likely deficient or not functioning properly?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is lipid-soluble and acts by directly activating genes within the target cell nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

Question 4

Amino acid–based hormones (except thyroid hormone) exert their effects on target cells primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to plasma membrane receptors and activating second messenger systems such as cAMP

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium levels stimulating the parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones generally have a longer half-life in the blood than peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are bound to plasma proteins, which protects them from rapid degradation.

Question 7

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) as an adult. Which condition is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which the hormone glucagon increases blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the cAMP second messenger system for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase activated → ATP converted to cAMP → Protein kinases activated

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid tumor. Which of the following symptoms would you expect?

Accepted Answer

High blood calcium, bone demineralization, and kidney stones

Question 11

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased blood osmolarity and acts to conserve water in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) released by the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decreases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, lowering blood pressure

Question 13

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following metabolic consequences?

Accepted Answer

Increased use of fats for energy, leading to ketosis and metabolic acidosis

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone is required for reproductive hormones to exert their effects

Question 15

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids during stress?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why a patient with Addison’s disease may experience dehydration and low blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of aldosterone leads to loss of sodium and water in urine

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and helps regulate circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion

Question 19

A patient is found to have high levels of both cortisol and ACTH. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

A tumor in the anterior pituitary secreting excess ACTH

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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