Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood, while exocrine glands secrete nonhormonal substances through ducts to a surface.

Question 2

A patient presents with abnormally high blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely under-secreted?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cAMP second-messenger mechanism of water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase activated → ATP converted to cAMP → Protein kinases activated

Question 4

Amino acid–based hormones (except thyroid hormone) are unable to enter their target cells directly. What is the primary reason for this?

Accepted Answer

They are water-soluble and cannot cross the hydrophobic plasma membrane.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why only certain cells respond to a particular hormone?

Accepted Answer

Only target cells have specific receptors for that hormone.

Question 6

A patient is experiencing symptoms of dehydration and low blood pressure. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which of the following best explains the physiological effect of ADH deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased urine output.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a hormonal stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary.

Question 8

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 9

A patient with an anterior pituitary tumor is found to have elevated growth hormone (GH) levels. In adults, this condition is most likely to result in which disorder?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose by enhancing glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells and inhibiting glycogen breakdown.

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Enhances reabsorption of Ca$$^{2+}$$ and secretion of phosphate (PO$$_4$$^{3-}$$)

Question 12

A patient is exposed to a sudden, acute stressor (such as a car accident). Which hormones are released from the adrenal medulla, and what is their primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine and norepinephrine; increase heart rate and blood glucose, and redirect blood flow to essential organs.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the negative feedback mechanism in the hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ axis?

Accepted Answer

Hormones from the final target organ inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones.

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 15

A patient with chronic high blood pressure is found to have elevated levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). What is the primary effect of ANP on the body?

Accepted Answer

Decreases blood sodium concentration, leading to decreased blood pressure and blood volume.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of glucocorticoids such as cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Influence metabolism of most cells, help resist stressors, and keep blood glucose levels relatively constant.

Question 17

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 18

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is unable to produce insulin. Which of the following would you expect to observe in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Elevated blood glucose levels due to decreased glucose uptake by cells.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood Ca$$^{2+}$$ stimulates parathyroid hormone (PTH) release.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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