Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of signal transmission?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses action potentials and neurotransmitters for rapid, short-duration responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, long-duration responses.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of heat intolerance, weight loss, and exophthalmos. Which endocrine disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism)

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones can pass through the plasma membrane of target cells?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can diffuse through the lipid bilayer.

Question 5

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have elevated levels of ACTH. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe?

Accepted Answer

Buffalo hump and moon face due to Cushing's disease

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cAMP second messenger mechanism of amino acid-based hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase activated → cAMP produced → Protein kinase activated

Question 7

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 8

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low cortisol and low aldosterone

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose.

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted in response to stretching of the atria due to increased blood pressure, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); decreases blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion

Question 11

A patient with acromegaly is most likely to have a tumor affecting which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium into the blood

Question 13

Which hormone is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response and is released from the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 14

A patient with diabetes insipidus would most likely have a deficiency in which hormone, and what is a classic symptom?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); excessive urination

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)?

Accepted Answer

They enter the cell, bind to intracellular receptors, and activate gene transcription.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of hormonal stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary to release its hormones.

Question 17

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and helps regulate circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 18

A patient with a history of chronic stress is found to have elevated blood glucose and suppressed immune function. Which hormone is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of leptin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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