Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of their signaling molecules and effects?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses neurotransmitters for immediate and short-lasting effects, while the endocrine system uses hormones for delayed and long-lasting effects.

Question 2

A hydrophobic hormone is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Bind to an intracellular receptor and alter gene expression.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a paracrine signal?

Accepted Answer

A tissue cell secretes a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects nearby cells.

Question 4

Which hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

None; the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.

Question 5

A patient presents with high blood pressure, hypokalemia, and hypernatremia. Which hormone is most likely being hypersecreted?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why thyroid hormones have a long half-life in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They are hydrophobic and are transported bound to plasma proteins.

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increases reabsorption of calcium ions from the fluid in the tubules.

Question 8

A patient with untreated Graves disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos.

Question 9

Which hormone is released in response to increased blood glucose levels after a meal?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for most hydrophilic hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to plasma membrane receptors and activate second messenger systems such as $$cAMP.$$

Question 11

Which hormone is most likely to be elevated in a patient with dehydration and high plasma solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

A patient with a pituitary tumor secreting excess growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure will most likely develop:

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of cortisol during the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates gluconeogenesis and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the heart and acts to lower blood pressure by increasing sodium and water excretion?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 15

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for ketoacidosis because:

Accepted Answer

Insulin deficiency leads to increased lipolysis and ketone body formation.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of leptin secreted by adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

It induces satiety by acting on neurons in the hypothalamus.

Question 17

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

TRH (hypothalamus) → TSH (anterior pituitary) → T3/T4 (thyroid gland)

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted in response to hypocalcemia and acts to increase blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of oxytocin during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates uterine contractions through a positive feedback mechanism.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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