Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of their signaling mechanisms and effects?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses nerve impulses for rapid, short-term effects, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting, and broader effects.

Question 2

Which of the following glands is NOT exclusively an endocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Question 3

A patient is found to have a decreased number of hormone receptors on target cells due to chronic high hormone levels. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation

Question 4

Which of the following hormones is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity

Question 5

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is responsible for decreasing urine production by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

A patient with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex would most likely have abnormal levels of which hormone, and what would be a likely symptom?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; altered sodium and potassium balance

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the plasma membrane, activating a G-protein and second messenger system.

Question 8

Which hormone is secreted by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; raises blood glucose

Question 9

A patient is experiencing increased breakdown of bone tissue, leading to elevated blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely elevated?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormonal effect?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol enhances the effect of glucagon on blood glucose regulation.

Question 11

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating ovulation and testosterone production?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 12

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates the biological clock and promotes sleepiness

Question 13

A patient with excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) would most likely show increased levels of which hormone and what effect?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; increased blood glucose and protein breakdown

Question 14

Which hormone is released in response to the suckling of an infant and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin; stimulates milk ejection

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted by the heart and has an effect opposite to that of ADH and aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.

Question 17

Which hormone is responsible for promoting the maturation of T cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the action of a water-soluble hormone?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to membrane receptor → G-protein activated → Adenylate cyclase activated → ATP converted to cAMP → Protein kinase activated

Question 19

Which hormone is produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; promotes glucose formation and stress resistance

Question 20

A patient with a deficiency in insulin production would most likely experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Hormonal Regulation

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