Q: A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat. What is their cardiac output?

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600\ \text{mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

It carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs.

Question 2

Which structure prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with pericarditis. Which of the following complications is most likely if excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac tamponade

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct formula for calculating cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 5

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all heart valves closed and the ventricles are relaxing?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric relaxation

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It must generate higher pressure to pump blood through the systemic circuit.

Question 7

A patient presents with chest pain radiating to the left arm and jaw, persisting even at rest. Blood tests reveal elevated cardiac troponin I. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Myocardial infarction

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence of impulse conduction through the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the Frank–Starling principle?

Accepted Answer

As end-diastolic volume (EDV) increases, stroke volume increases.

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and increased contractility

Question 11

A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat. What is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is the main source of energy for cardiac muscle contraction under normal physiological conditions?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic metabolism of fatty acids and glucose

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the chordae tendineae during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting into the atria.

Question 14

Which of the following is a likely consequence of a blockage in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery?

Accepted Answer

Reduced blood supply to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetanus?

Accepted Answer

The refractory period in cardiac muscle is almost as long as the contraction itself.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) released by parasympathetic neurons on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It decreases heart rate by extending repolarization.

Question 18

A patient with a heart murmur is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Regurgitation of blood through a heart valve

Question 19

Which of the following is the primary function of the coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

To supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the Bainbridge reflex?

Accepted Answer

An increase in heart rate in response to increased venous return

The Heart: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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