18. Biotechnology

The efficiency of cloning, and the ability to generate healthy cloned animals, has been largely hampered by the difficulty of __________.

What is the function of DNA ligase in the gene cloning process?

Which of the following is NOT a common step in molecular cloning using plasmids?

Which step of bacterial transformation occurs after a gene of interest has been isolated?

In genetic engineering, the highly active plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to __________.

A molecular biologist used a retroviral vector to introduce a gene coding for a certain human enzyme into mouse cells. One cell line was isolated that was able to make the human enzyme, but it had lost the ability to express an endogenous, normally expressed gene in the process. What is the best explanation for these results?

Bacteria use restriction enzymes to __________.

Gene cloning is crucial to any application involving one gene because __________.

Which of the following enzymes could seal a nick in one strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule by creating a sugar-phosphate bond between the adjacent, unjoined nucleotides?