Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

It assembles subunits of ribosomes from ribosomal RNA and proteins.

Question 2

A cell is observed to have an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of large quantities of proteins for export

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and shipping proteins and lipids to their final destinations?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

A genetic mutation prevents the formation of lysosomal enzymes. Which cellular process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of damaged organelles and ingested substances

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 6

A plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. Which organelle helps prevent the cell from bursting by storing excess water?

Accepted Answer

Central vacuole

Question 7

Which equation best represents the process of cellular respiration that occurs in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2 ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 8

According to the endosymbiont theory, which evidence supports the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

They have their own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 9

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for muscle contraction and amoeboid movement?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

Question 10

A patient has a genetic disorder that affects the formation of anchoring junctions in muscle tissue. Which symptom would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Muscle tears due to weak cell-to-cell adhesion

Question 11

Which structure allows plant cells to share water, nourishment, and chemical messages directly with adjacent cells?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodesmata

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It allows for simultaneous, specialized metabolic processes in different organelles.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It binds tissue cells together and communicates with the cytoskeleton.

Question 14

Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function?

Accepted Answer

Smooth ER – Synthesis of lipids and detoxification of toxins

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the structure of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?

Accepted Answer

A '9 + 2' arrangement of microtubules

Question 16

A scientist observes a cell with a rigid outer layer composed primarily of cellulose. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct result of a malfunction in gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Impaired electrical signaling and coordination of heart contractions

Question 18

Which of the following best summarizes the four main functional categories of eukaryotic cell structures?

Accepted Answer

Genetic control; manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown; energy processing; structural support, movement, and communication

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the function of a lysosome in a human white blood cell?

Accepted Answer

A lysosome fuses with a vesicle containing a bacterium and digests it.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why all eukaryotes have mitochondria but not all have chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria evolved first through endosymbiosis, and only some eukaryotes later acquired chloroplasts by engulfing photosynthetic prokaryotes.

A Tour of the Cell: Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Organelles

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