Question 1

Which process is responsible for linking monomers together to form polymers in biological systems, and what is the byproduct of this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; water is produced

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that alters the primary structure of hemoglobin. Which level(s) of protein structure are most likely to be affected as a result?

Accepted Answer

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why carbon is considered the backbone of life’s molecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing for a diversity of stable structures

Question 4

Which functional group is responsible for making amino acids basic and capable of forming a positive ion at cellular pH?

Accepted Answer

Amino group

Question 5

A disaccharide is formed from two glucose molecules via dehydration synthesis. What is the molecular formula of the resulting disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C$$_{12}$$H_{22}O$$_{11}}$

Question 6

Which of the following statements about phosphodiester bonds in DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

They connect the 3' carbon of one nucleotide to the 5' phosphate of the next

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugars in nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Ribose has an –OH group at the 2' carbon, while deoxyribose has an –H

Question 8

A protein is exposed to high heat and extreme pH. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The protein will denature, losing its three-dimensional structure and function

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a polymer?

Accepted Answer

Lipid

Question 10

In a DNA molecule, if 20% of the nucleotides are thymine, what percentage are guanine?

Accepted Answer

30%

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions

Question 12

Which functional group is acidic and tends to lose a proton at cellular pH, forming a negatively charged ion?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the secondary structure of proteins is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a monomer and its corresponding polymer?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid – Polypeptide

Question 15

Which property of water is most directly involved in the hydrolysis of polymers?

Accepted Answer

Water acts as a reactant, breaking bonds between monomers

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why a change in pH can denature a protein?

Accepted Answer

It alters the charge of side chains, disrupting ionic and hydrogen bonds

Question 17

Which of the following is true about the directionality of nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the relationship between structure and function in proteins?

Accepted Answer

The specific shape of a protein determines its function

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

Digesting starch into glucose molecules in the human intestine

Question 20

Which of the following statements about functional groups is correct?

Accepted Answer

Functional groups determine the chemical reactivity and properties of organic molecules

Biomolecules: Structure, Function, and Synthesis in General Biology

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