Question 1

Which property of carbon most directly explains its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules essential for life?

Accepted Answer

It can form four covalent bonds with other atoms, allowing for a variety of stable structures.

Question 2

Which of the following functional groups acts as an acid by donating a proton (H	extsuperscript{+}) to solution?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group (–COOH)

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between structural isomers and enantiomers?

Accepted Answer

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements; enantiomers are mirror images of each other.

Question 4

Which functional group is responsible for the cross-linking that stabilizes protein structure, such as in hair?

Accepted Answer

Sulfhydryl group (–SH)

Question 5

Why does ethanol (C\_2H\_6O) have a higher boiling point than dimethyl ether (C\_2H\_6O), even though they have the same molecular formula?

Accepted Answer

Ethanol forms hydrogen bonds due to its hydroxyl group, while dimethyl ether cannot.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Linking two glucose molecules to form maltose and releasing water.

Question 7

Which polysaccharide is the main structural component of plant cell walls and is indigestible by humans?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose

Question 8

What is the primary function of cell surface glycans?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating cell-to-cell recognition and communication

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important for infants?

Accepted Answer

They feed beneficial gut bacteria, promoting a healthy microbiome.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about protein structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

The tertiary structure is stabilized by interactions between R groups, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a cause of protein denaturation?

Accepted Answer

Addition of more amino acids to the protein

Question 12

Which functional group is found in ATP and is responsible for its ability to release energy?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group (–PO\_$$4^{2-})$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They selectively accelerate chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Question 14

A mutation changes a hydrophobic amino acid in the core of a protein to a hydrophilic one. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The protein may misfold or lose its function due to altered interactions.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct match between a protein type and its function?

Accepted Answer

Storage protein – stores amino acids for developing embryos

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why enantiomers of a drug can have different effects in the body?

Accepted Answer

Their three-dimensional shapes interact differently with biological molecules.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-life example of a symbiotic relationship involving carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Termites rely on gut microbes to digest cellulose from wood.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

A water molecule is added to break a polymer into monomers.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about glycogen is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is a polymer of glucose used by animals for energy storage, mainly in liver and muscle cells.

Question 20

Which functional group is nonpolar and affects gene expression when attached to DNA?

Accepted Answer

Methyl group (–CH\_3)

Carbon and Biomolecules: Structure, Function, and Diversity

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