Question 1

Which property of carbon allows it to form a wide variety of organic molecules essential for life?

Accepted Answer

Its ability to form up to four stable covalent bonds with other atoms

Question 2

Which of the following bonds is considered nonpolar in organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C-H}$$

Question 3

A molecule with the formula $$\mathrm{C_3H_7OH}$$ can exist as two different compounds with different bonding relationships. What are these compounds called?

Accepted Answer

Structural isomers

Question 4

Which functional group is highlighted in the structure of glycine and is found in all amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Amino group ($$-\mathrm{NH_2$})$$

Question 5

Which functional group is responsible for the acidic properties of amino acids at physiological pH?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$-\mathrm{COOH})$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between a ketone and an aldehyde functional group?

Accepted Answer

A ketone has a carbonyl group within the carbon chain, while an aldehyde has it at the end of the chain.

Question 7

Which functional group is nonpolar and can affect gene expression when attached to DNA?

Accepted Answer

Methyl group ($$-\mathrm{CH_3$})$$

Question 8

Which of the following statements about dehydration and hydrolysis reactions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reactions build polymers by removing water, while hydrolysis reactions break polymers by adding water.

Question 9

Which functional group is highlighted in the structure of cysteine and is important for forming disulfide bridges in proteins?

Accepted Answer

Sulfhydryl group ($$-\mathrm{SH})$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why carbon-based molecules can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Accepted Answer

The presence of polar or nonpolar covalent bonds with other atoms determines whether the molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a polymer and its corresponding monomer?

Accepted Answer

Protein and amino acid

Question 12

Which functional group is weakly acidic, negatively charged at physiological pH, and found in nucleic acids and ATP?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group ($$-\mathrm{PO_4$^{2-}})$$

Question 13

Which type of isomerism is illustrated by molecules that are mirror images of each other, such as left- and right-handed forms?

Accepted Answer

Enantiomerism

Question 14

Which functional group is polar, forms hydrogen bonds with water, and is found in alcohols such as ethanol?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group ($$-\mathrm{OH})$$

Question 15

Testosterone and estrogen differ by only two functional groups. What does this illustrate about the importance of functional groups in biology?

Accepted Answer

Small changes in functional groups can lead to significant differences in biological activity.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a dehydration reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that removes water to join monomers into a polymer

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a class of macromolecule found in living cells?

Accepted Answer

Steroids

Question 18

Which functional group is commonly attached to carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, and is negatively charged at physiological pH?

Accepted Answer

Sulfate group ($$-\mathrm{SO_4$^-})$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of disulfide bridges in proteins?

Accepted Answer

They stabilize protein structure by forming covalent bonds between cysteine residues.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about cis-trans isomers is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have identical bonding relationships but differ in spatial arrangement around a double bond.

Carbon and Organic Molecules: Structure, Function, and Diversity

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