Question 1

Which of the following best explains why cells must remain small in size to function efficiently?

Accepted Answer

Because smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing for more efficient exchange of materials with their environment.

Question 2

A scientist wants to observe the detailed surface texture of a hair. Which type of microscope should they use?

Accepted Answer

Scanning electron microscope

Question 3

Which of the following structures is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 4

Penicillin is effective against Gram-positive bacteria because it targets which cellular structure?

Accepted Answer

The thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the pathway of a protein destined for secretion from a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus → rough ER → Golgi apparatus → transport vesicle → plasma membrane

Question 6

A cell is observed to have a large number of lysosomes. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Digesting and destroying foreign invaders

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Both organelles are found in all prokaryotic cells.

Question 8

A patient presents with muscle weakness and excessive glycogen granules in the liver. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 9

Which of the following statements about Gram-negative bacteria is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an additional outer membrane.

Question 10

If a cell is treated with a drug that prevents actin polymerization, which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Amoeboid movement

Question 11

Which equation correctly calculates the surface area-to-volume ratio for a cube-shaped cell?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{6a^2$}{a^3$}$$

Question 12

Which organelle is responsible for detoxifying drugs and storing calcium ions in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of microtubules in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Movement of chromosomes during cell division

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics like penicillin do not harm human cells?

Accepted Answer

Human cells lack peptidoglycan cell walls, which are targeted by penicillin.

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.

Question 16

A white blood cell is observed engulfing and digesting bacteria. Which organelle is most directly involved in this process?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiosis theory?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells originated by engulfing prokaryotic cells that became mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of a cell lacking a functional cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Impaired cell shape and abnormal cell division

Question 19

Which of the following is the smallest structure that can be visualized with a standard light microscope?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 20

Which of the following best describes why Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics like penicillin?

Accepted Answer

They have an additional outer membrane that blocks antibiotic entry.

Cell Structure, Function, and Microscopy: General Biology Study Guide

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