Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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Q1. What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis? Is light a reactant, product, or catalyst? Explain.

Background

Topic: Photosynthesis – Chemical Equation and Role of Light

This question tests your understanding of the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis and the role that light plays in the process.

Key Terms and Formula:

Photosynthesis: The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
Chemical equation for photosynthesis:

Reactant: A substance that is consumed during a chemical reaction.
Product: A substance that is produced during a chemical reaction.
Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.

Step-by-Step Guidance

Write out the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis using the correct formulas for carbon dioxide, water, glucose, and oxygen.
Identify which substances are on the left side (reactants) and which are on the right side (products) of the equation.
Consider the role of light in the equation: Is it used up (like a reactant), produced (like a product), or does it facilitate the reaction without being consumed (like a catalyst)?
Think about the definition of a catalyst and whether light fits this description in the context of photosynthesis.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer:

The chemical formula for photosynthesis is:

Light is not a reactant or a product; it acts as a catalyst because it provides the energy needed to drive the reaction but is not consumed in the process. Light is energy, not matter, so it does not become part of the chemical products.

Q2. How does the generation of electricity by burning coal relate to photosynthesis?

Background

Topic: Fossil Fuels and Photosynthesis

This question explores the connection between ancient photosynthetic processes and modern energy production from fossil fuels.

Key Terms:

Coal: A fossil fuel formed from ancient plant material.
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Fossilization: The process by which organic material is preserved over millions of years.

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall how coal is formed: Think about the origin of coal and what types of organisms contributed to its formation.
Consider the role of photosynthesis in the original plants that eventually became coal.
Explain how the energy stored in coal is related to the energy captured by photosynthesis millions of years ago.
Describe what happens to this stored energy when coal is burned to generate electricity.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer:

Coal is made from fossilized plants that lived millions of years ago. These plants captured energy from sunlight through photosynthesis, storing it as chemical energy. When coal is burned to generate electricity, we are releasing this ancient stored energy, originally captured by photosynthesis, back into the environment as heat and light.

Q3. Identify and describe the following parts of the chloroplast: stroma, thylakoid, granum.

Background

Topic: Chloroplast Structure

This question tests your knowledge of the internal structure of the chloroplast and the function of its components.

Key Terms:

Stroma: The fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast, surrounding the thylakoids.
Thylakoid: A flattened, membrane-bound sac inside the chloroplast where light reactions occur.
Granum (plural: grana): A stack of thylakoids.

Step-by-Step Guidance

Define each structure (stroma, thylakoid, granum) and describe its location within the chloroplast.
Explain the function of each part in the process of photosynthesis.
Consider how these structures are related to each other spatially and functionally.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer:

Stroma: The stroma is the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast, surrounding the thylakoids. It is where the Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions) takes place.
Thylakoid: Thylakoids are disk-shaped, membrane-bound structures where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.
Granum: A granum is a stack of thylakoids. Multiple grana increase the surface area for light absorption.

Q4. Complete the table summarizing the light reactions and Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis.

Background

Topic: Photosynthesis – Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

This question asks you to summarize the inputs, outputs, and locations of the two main stages of photosynthesis.

Key Terms:

Light Reactions: The first stage of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
Calvin Cycle: The second stage, using ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into sugars.
Thylakoid: Site of light reactions.
Stroma: Site of Calvin Cycle.

Step-by-Step Guidance

For each stage (Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle), list what goes in (reactants) and what comes out (products).
Identify the location within the chloroplast where each stage occurs.
Summarize the main purpose of each stage in one sentence.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer:

Stage	What goes in	What comes out	Location in chloroplast
Light Reactions	H2O, light	ATP, NADPH, O2	Thylakoids
Calvin Cycle	ATP, NADPH, CO2	G3P (a sugar)	Stroma

The light reactions use water and light to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The Calvin Cycle uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide to produce G3P (which can be converted to glucose and other sugars).

Q5. Which contains more energy, red light or blue light, and why?

Background

Topic: Properties of Light – Wavelength and Energy

This question tests your understanding of the relationship between the wavelength of light and its energy.

Key Terms and Formula:

Wavelength (): The distance between successive peaks of a wave.
Energy of a photon:
Where is Planck's constant and is the speed of light.

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the relationship between wavelength and energy: shorter wavelength means higher energy.
Compare the wavelengths of red and blue light (which is shorter?).
Use the formula to explain why one color has more energy than the other.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer:

Blue light contains more energy than red light because it has a shorter wavelength. According to , energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, so shorter wavelengths (like blue) have higher energy than longer wavelengths (like red).

Q6. What is the purpose of a pigment in plants? Give an example.

Background

Topic: Pigments in Plants

This question tests your understanding of the role of pigments in plant cells and their importance in photosynthesis.

Key Terms:

Pigment: A molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects others.
Chlorophyll: The main pigment involved in photosynthesis.

Step-by-Step Guidance

Define what a pigment is and its general function in plants.
Explain how pigments are involved in photosynthesis.
Provide an example of a pigment found in plants and its specific role.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer:

Pigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light. In plants, pigments like chlorophyll capture light energy to power photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are examples; they absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy.

Q7. Why is chlorophyll green? Use the concepts of wavelengths of light and absorption/reflection in your answer.

Background

Topic: Light Absorption and Reflection by Pigments

This question tests your understanding of why plants appear green based on the properties of chlorophyll and light.

Key Terms:

Absorption: When a pigment takes in certain wavelengths of light.
Reflection: When a pigment does not absorb certain wavelengths, they are reflected.
Visible spectrum: The range of light wavelengths visible to the human eye.

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall that white light contains all colors (wavelengths) of visible light.
Explain which wavelengths chlorophyll absorbs and which it reflects.
Describe how the reflected light determines the color we see.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer:

Chlorophyll appears green because it absorbs most wavelengths of visible light except green, which it reflects. The reflected green light is what we see, making plants appear green.

Q8. Is glucose the only sugar made by photosynthesis? Explain.

Background

Topic: Products of Photosynthesis

This question tests your understanding of the variety of sugars produced by photosynthesis and their roles in plants.

Key Terms:

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate): The direct product of the Calvin Cycle.
Glucose: A common sugar synthesized from G3P.
Polysaccharides: Large carbohydrates made from many sugar units.

Step-by-Step Guidance

Identify the immediate product of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis.
Explain how this product can be converted into glucose and other sugars.
Discuss why plants need more than just glucose for survival.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer:

No, glucose is not the only sugar made by photosynthesis. The Calvin Cycle produces G3P, which can be converted into glucose or other sugars. Plants use a variety of sugars for different functions.

Q9. How is excess sugar stored in plants?

Background

Topic: Carbohydrate Storage in Plants

This question tests your understanding of how plants store the sugars produced during photosynthesis for later use.

Key Terms:

Starch: A polysaccharide used by plants to store energy.
Polysaccharide: A large molecule made of many monosaccharide (sugar) units.
Glucose: A simple sugar, building block of starch.

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall what happens to excess glucose produced during photosynthesis.
Describe how glucose molecules are linked together to form a storage molecule.
Identify the name and structure of the main storage polysaccharide in plants.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer:

Excess glucose in plants is stored as starch, a complex polysaccharide made of many glucose units linked together. Starch serves as an energy reserve for the plant.