Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between homology and analogy in evolutionary biology?

Accepted Answer

Homology refers to similarities due to shared ancestry, while analogy refers to similarities due to convergent evolution.

Question 2

A phylogenetic tree is constructed using DNA sequence data from three species. If the number of nucleotide differences between species A and B is 5, between A and C is 10, and between B and C is 7, which pair is most closely related?

Accepted Answer

Species A and B

Question 3

Which of the following is a shared derived character (synapomorphy) for mammals when considering all vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

Hair

Question 4

In the Linnaean system of classification, which of the following taxonomic levels is the most inclusive?

Accepted Answer

Domain

Question 5

Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The order of taxa at the branch tips always reflects the sequence of evolutionary events.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The limbless bodies of snakes and glass lizards, which evolved independently in response to similar environments.

Question 7

A group that consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants is called:

Accepted Answer

A monophyletic group (clade)

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why the kingdom Monera is no longer considered a valid taxonomic group?

Accepted Answer

It would include members from two different domains, Bacteria and Archaea.

Question 9

Which of the following is a potential problem with using molecular clocks to estimate evolutionary divergence times?

Accepted Answer

Not all genes evolve at a constant rate, and some genes are subject to natural selection.

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of an outgroup in phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

Including a closely related species that is not part of the group being studied to help determine which characters are ancestral.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct format for writing a scientific species name according to binomial nomenclature?

Accepted Answer

$$	extit{Panthera pardus}$$

Question 12

If a phylogenetic tree shows that whales and hippos share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with seals, what can be inferred?

Accepted Answer

Whales and hippos are more closely related to each other than either is to seals.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a shared ancestral character for all vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

Backbone

Question 14

Which principle is used to select the best phylogenetic tree when multiple trees are possible?

Accepted Answer

Maximum parsimony, which favors the tree with the fewest evolutionary changes.

Question 15

Horizontal gene transfer complicates the reconstruction of evolutionary history because:

Accepted Answer

Genes can move between distantly related species, creating a tangled web rather than a simple tree.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the three-domain system of classification?

Accepted Answer

It recognizes Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya as the three domains of life.

Question 17

A researcher is comparing the amino acid sequences of a protein in several species. She finds that two species have nearly identical sequences, while a third species has many differences. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The two species with similar sequences are more closely related to each other than to the third species.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a paraphyletic group?

Accepted Answer

A group that includes an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the concept of phylogenetic bracketing?

Accepted Answer

Predicting features of extinct ancestors based on features shared by closely related living organisms.

Question 20

If a gene evolves at a rate of 2 nucleotide substitutions per million years, and two species differ by 10 nucleotides in this gene, how long ago did they likely diverge?

Accepted Answer

$$5$$ million years ago

Chapter 20: Phylogeny – Understanding Evolutionary Relationships

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