Question 1

Which of the following best describes Darwin's concept of 'descent with modification'?

Accepted Answer

All organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor, and accumulate differences as they adapt to different environments.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection is acting on the population.

Question 3

A population of 100 diploid individuals has the following genotype counts for a gene with two alleles (A and a): 36 AA, 48 Aa, and 16 aa. What is the frequency of the A allele?

Accepted Answer

$$0.6$$

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The similar body shape of dolphins (mammals) and sharks (fish) due to adaptation to aquatic environments.

Question 5

Which mechanism is the only one that consistently leads to adaptive evolution?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Question 6

A population of beetles is exposed to a pesticide. After several generations, most beetles are resistant to the pesticide. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Question 7

Which of the following statements about mutations is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation in populations.

Question 8

Which of the following best illustrates the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A few birds blown to a new island establish a population with different allele frequencies than the original population.

Question 9

Which equation represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with two alleles, p and q?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?

Accepted Answer

The pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a direct observation that supports evolution?

Accepted Answer

The fossil record showing transitional forms.

Question 12

Which process tends to reduce genetic variation among populations over time?

Accepted Answer

Gene flow

Question 13

A population of flowers shows a wide range of colors from white to deep purple. This variation is most likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Multiple genes influencing the trait (polygenic inheritance).

Question 14

Which of the following is a key inference Darwin made from his observations?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with advantageous traits tend to leave more offspring.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection?

Accepted Answer

A population of birds where both very small and very large beaks are favored over intermediate beak sizes.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a reason why natural selection cannot produce perfect organisms?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection can create new traits from scratch.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Accepted Answer

Homologous structures are similar due to common ancestry; analogous structures are similar due to convergent evolution.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

Humans breeding dogs for specific traits such as size or coat color.

Question 19

Which of the following is a molecular homology that supports the theory of evolution?

Accepted Answer

The universal genetic code shared by all living organisms.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the phrase 'survival of the fittest' can be misleading in the context of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

It implies that only the physically strongest individuals survive.

Descent with Modification and Evolution of Populations: A Darwinian View of Life

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