Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of restriction enzymes in the creation of recombinant DNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, producing fragments with sticky ends that can be joined with DNA from other sources.

Question 2

A scientist wants to amplify a specific DNA segment from a 40,000-year-old woolly mammoth sample. Which technique should they use, and what is the key enzyme involved?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Taq polymerase

Question 3

In gel electrophoresis, why do shorter DNA fragments move farther through the gel than longer fragments?

Accepted Answer

Shorter fragments encounter less resistance moving through the gel matrix.

Question 4

Which of the following is a direct application of gene cloning in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Producing human growth hormone to treat stunted growth

Question 5

A researcher uses a fluorescently labeled nucleic acid probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in a developing embryo. Which technique is being used?

Accepted Answer

In situ hybridization

Question 6

What is the main difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, while adult stem cells can only generate a limited number of cell types.

Question 7

During PCR, what is the purpose of the primers?

Accepted Answer

To provide a starting point for DNA synthesis by binding to sequences flanking the target region

Question 8

Which enzyme is responsible for sealing the sugar-phosphate backbone between DNA fragments during the creation of recombinant DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 9

In the process of reproductive cloning of mammals, such as Dolly the sheep, what is the source of the nucleus used for cloning?

Accepted Answer

A differentiated somatic cell from the donor organism

Question 10

Why are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) useful in genome-wide association studies?

Accepted Answer

They serve as genetic markers that can be linked to disease-associated alleles.

Question 11

A scientist wants to compare the expression levels of a specific gene in cancerous and non-cancerous tissue samples. Which technique should they use?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why PCR cannot fully substitute for gene cloning in cells?

Accepted Answer

PCR amplification can introduce errors into the DNA sequence.

Question 13

What is the main ethical concern associated with therapeutic cloning using embryonic stem cells?

Accepted Answer

The destruction of human embryos to obtain pluripotent stem cells

Question 14

Which of the following steps is NOT part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle?

Accepted Answer

Ligation

Question 15

A gene for pest resistance is inserted into a plant using a plasmid. What is the plasmid called in this context?

Accepted Answer

Cloning vector

Question 16

Which of the following equations best represents the exponential amplification of DNA during PCR, where $$n is $$the number of cycles?

Accepted Answer

$$N = 2^n$$

Question 17

In the context of gene cloning, what is the primary advantage of using bacterial plasmids as cloning vectors?

Accepted Answer

They replicate independently and can be easily obtained and multiplied in bacteria.

Question 18

Which enzyme is used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA template?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 19

A forensic scientist finds a small amount of blood at a crime scene. Which technique would allow them to obtain enough DNA for analysis?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the outcome when a restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule at a restriction site?

Accepted Answer

It produces fragments with sticky ends that can base pair with complementary sequences.

DNA Tools and Biotechnology: Techniques and Applications

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