Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology as depicted in the first image?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

What is the role of histone acetylation in epigenetic gene regulation, as shown in the second image?

Accepted Answer

It loosens the interaction between DNA and histones, making genes accessible for transcription.

Question 3

During the initiation of transcription, what is the function of the TATA box in the promoter region?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a binding site for transcription factors and RNA polymerase II.

Question 4

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the direction of RNA synthesis during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$5' \rightarrow 3'$$

Question 5

What modifications are made to pre-mRNA before it becomes mature mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a 5' cap, poly-A tail, and removal of introns

Question 6

What is the function of spliceosomes during RNA processing?

Accepted Answer

They remove introns from pre-mRNA.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, matching its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Question 8

Where does translation occur within a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

On the ribosome in the cytoplasm

Question 9

Which site on the ribosome does the growing polypeptide chain reside during translation?

Accepted Answer

P site

Question 10

What is the significance of the AUG codon in mRNA?

Accepted Answer

It serves as the start codon and codes for methionine.

Question 11

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from CTC to CAC in the beta-globin gene. Using the codon chart, what type of mutation is this and what is the resulting amino acid change?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation; Glu to Val

Question 12

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame is altered, potentially changing every amino acid after the mutation.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a nonsense mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to a stop codon.

Question 14

Which of the following agents is most likely to cause cancer by inducing mutations?

Accepted Answer

Carcinogen

Question 15

If a gene is methylated, what is the most likely effect on its expression?

Accepted Answer

The gene is silenced and not expressed.

Question 16

Which of the following steps occurs LAST during the process of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Translation of mRNA to protein

Question 17

A mutagen is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A chemical or physical agent that causes mutations.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE about exons and introns?

Accepted Answer

Introns are removed from pre-mRNA, and exons are joined to form mature mRNA.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains how mutations can drive evolution?

Accepted Answer

Mutations can create new phenotypes, some of which may provide a selective advantage.

DNA Transcription, Translation, and Gene Expression

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