Q: A population of anteaters has allele frequencies $$B = 0.7$$ and $$b = 0.3. $$According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes ($$Bb$$)?

$$2pq = 2 \times 0.7 \times 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the two main conditions required for natural selection to occur in a population?

Accepted Answer

Individuals must vary in characteristics that are heritable, and some traits must increase reproductive success in a particular environment.

Question 2

A population of anteaters has allele frequencies $$B = 0.7$$ and $$b = 0.3. $$According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes ($$Bb$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial trait?

Accepted Answer

The reduced tail of a crab that is curled under its shell and not used for swimming.

Question 4

Which statement best explains why evolution does NOT occur if heritable variation is absent in a population?

Accepted Answer

Without heritable variation, there is no genetic basis for selection to act upon, so traits cannot change in frequency over generations.

Question 5

Which of the following is a fitness trade-off?

Accepted Answer

Turtle shells provide protection but are heavy and burdensome when moving.

Question 6

A scientist observes that male giraffes with longer necks win more battles and father more offspring. Which evolutionary mechanism is most directly supported by this observation?

Accepted Answer

Sexual selection

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection is acting on the population.

Question 8

If a population is highly inbred but no other Hardy-Weinberg assumptions are violated, what is the most likely genetic outcome?

Accepted Answer

The frequency of homozygotes increases, yet the frequency of alleles does not change.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the relationship between evolution and natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection is a process that explains how evolution occurs in populations.

Question 10

Which of the following is a common misconception about evolution that is NOT supported by scientific evidence?

Accepted Answer

Adaptations occur because organisms want or need them.

Question 11

A fossil species has a reptile-like skeleton, lays eggs, but also has evidence of fur and may have been warm-blooded. What does this suggest about evolutionary relationships?

Accepted Answer

Mammals and reptiles have a common ancestor.

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct Hardy-Weinberg equation for genotype frequencies?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis in the scientific method?

Accepted Answer

Suggesting that a phone will turn on if the battery is charged because the battery might be dead.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection must be acting.

Question 15

Which of the following best defines 'adaptation' in a biological context?

Accepted Answer

A trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

Breeding English Bulldogs for specific traits, leading to health problems.

Question 17

Which of the following is the best way to test if hair length in male tamarins is adaptive?

Accepted Answer

Determine if hair length is heritable.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is correct?

Accepted Answer

Branches that share a recent common ancestor represent species that are closely related.

Question 19

Which of the following is a misconception about the process of evolution?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary change occurs in organisms because they want or need it.

Question 20

If a population has allele frequencies $$p = 0.6$$ and $$q = 0.4$$, what is the expected frequency of homozygous recessive individuals under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$q^2 = 0.16$

General Biology: Evolution, Natural Selection, and Population Genetics

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