Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in scientific research?

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that can be tested by experiments, while a theory is a well-supported, broad explanation for a wide range of phenomena.

Question 2

Which of the following is the correct order of biological organization from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, biosphere

Question 3

A scientist wants to test the effect of sunlight on plant growth. She sets up two groups: one receives sunlight, the other does not. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The amount of sunlight the plants receive

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a controlled variable in an experiment?

Accepted Answer

A variable that is kept constant to ensure a fair test

Question 5

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for many biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Water is a polar molecule, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds with many substances.

Question 7

Which of the following chemical bonds is the strongest in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bond

Question 8

A sodium atom (Na) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons does a neutral sodium atom have?

Accepted Answer

11

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a dehydration reaction in the formation of biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that removes water to form a bond between monomers

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct general formula for an amino acid?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{R{-}CH(NH_2$){-}COOH}$$

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why ice floats on liquid water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds in ice cause water molecules to be spaced farther apart, making ice less dense.

Question 12

Which of the following is a property of water that helps moderate Earth's climate?

Accepted Answer

High specific heat capacity

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

A polar covalent bond shares electrons unequally, resulting in partial charges, while a nonpolar covalent bond shares electrons equally.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

It stabilizes membrane fluidity across temperature changes.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Question 16

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder caused by a single amino acid change in a protein. Which level of protein structure is directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 17

Which of the following statements about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are well-suited to form biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form bilayers in water.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis breaks a polymer into monomers by adding a water molecule.

Question 20

A solution has a pH of 4. How many times more acidic is it than a solution with a pH of 7?

Accepted Answer

1000 times

General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide: Foundations, Chemistry of Life, and Macromolecules

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